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@PHDTHESIS{Kller:1005953,
      author       = {Köller, Niklas},
      othercontributors = {Wessling, Matthias and Crespo, João Paulo Serejo Goulão},
      title        = {{S}cale-up of continuous capacitive deionization processes},
      volume       = {51},
      school       = {Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Aachen},
      publisher    = {RWTH Aachen University},
      reportid     = {RWTH-2025-02126},
      series       = {Aachener Verfahrenstechnik series - AVT.CVT - Chemical
                      process engineering},
      pages        = {1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
                      University 2025; Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische
                      Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2024},
      abstract     = {Clean water, a fundamental human right, remains
                      unattainable in many regions due to scarcity exacerbated by
                      growing populations and climate change. Innovative
                      technologies are required to extract potable water from
                      saline sources and reclaim wastewater from industrial or
                      agricultural processes. Removal of salt ions necessitates
                      energy-intensive approaches. Therefore, developing novel,
                      energy-efficient desalination and salt recycling techniques
                      is imperative. Among these techniques, electrically-driven
                      Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI) stands out due
                      to its continuous operation and energy efficiency,
                      particularly in treating low-salinity feed water. Despite
                      promising results from laboratory-scale studies using mostly
                      synthetic salt solutions, there has been a critical need to
                      validate the technology’s efficacy at larger scales and
                      with real-world feed solutions. This thesis undertook the
                      scale-up of FCDI technology and deployed it in real-world
                      desalination and salt recycling scenarios while innovating
                      new components and materials to enhance cost-effectiveness.
                      Scale-up involved experiments with various module
                      configurations and current collector architectures. In these
                      experiments, the concentrations of the produced solutions
                      were quantified and used as performance metrics. A central
                      outcome of this thesis was the development of a stacking
                      concept for FCDI modules at the pilot scale. The concept was
                      evaluated against an established electrically driven
                      desalination technology (Electrodialysis). The specific
                      desalination performance of FCDI modules at the pilot scale
                      was lower than at the laboratory scale, indicating potential
                      for future optimization. Compared to Electrodialysis, FCDI
                      requires more membrane area, resulting in a disadvantage in
                      capital cost. A new current collector architecture was
                      established to reduce the cost of FCDI modules. Finally, a
                      wire mesh sensor was developed, which could be used to
                      investigate and improve FCDI in the future. The practical
                      application of FCDI in real-world water treatment tasks is
                      crucial for advancing the technology. Only through such
                      applications can the merits and shortcomings of FCDI be
                      understood comprehensively - leading to iterative
                      improvements of the technology. Scale-up is the most crucial
                      step in enabling real-world applications. This thesis
                      provides a roadmap and takes the first steps towards
                      industrial application. Future research should focus on
                      scale-up with novel module concepts and identification of
                      new applications for FCDI.},
      cin          = {416110},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-82)416110_20140620$},
      pnm          = {BMBF 02WQ1534D - KMU-innovativ Verbundprojekt NITREB:
                      Nitratkreislaufführung bei der Behandlung von
                      Metalloberflächen durch Nutzung innovativer Techniken,
                      Teilprojekt 4 (02WQ1534D) / BMBF 02WV1569F -
                      Wiederverwendung - Verbundprojekt RIKovery: Recycling von
                      industriellen salzhaltigen Wässern durch Ionentrennung,
                      Konzentrierung und intelligentes Monitoring, Teilprojekt 6
                      (02WV1569F)},
      pid          = {G:(BMBF)02WQ1534D / G:(BMBF)02WV1569F},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      doi          = {10.18154/RWTH-2025-02126},
      url          = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1005953},
}