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@PHDTHESIS{Schmidtke:1020343,
author = {Schmidtke, Florian},
othercontributors = {Ulbig, Andreas and Hug, Gabriela},
title = {{E}valuating multi-use operation of battery energy storage
systems in a cyber-physical energy system testbed},
school = {Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen},
type = {Dissertation},
address = {Aachen},
publisher = {RWTH Aachen University},
reportid = {RWTH-2025-08916},
pages = {1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen},
year = {2025},
note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
University; Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische
Hochschule Aachen, 2025},
abstract = {Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are a promising
decentralized solution for the short-term balancing of
increasingly volatile generation and demand in energy
systems. Flexibility requirements are driven by the rapid
expansion of volatile renewable generation and the rising
electrification of the mobility and heat sectors. However,
available power and capacity are often used for single-use
applications, leading to untapped potential of BESS despite
rising flexibility demands. This research aims to optimize
the multi-use operation of BESS, where power and energy
resources are allocated dynamically across different
applications. By maximizing BESS utilization for various
services, such as system services, demand response, and
local grid congestion management, this doctoral thesis seeks
to enhance both the technical efficiency and economic value
of BESS within a decentralized cyber-physical energy system.
To achieve this, a co-simulation research environment is
developed to design and validate operational strategies for
the multi-use operation of BESS. This multi-agent simulation
framework creates a close-to-reality environment to test
interactions between BESS, BESS operators, and third-party
stakeholders, supporting the design of strategies that
improve reliability and flexibility, contributing to the
effective integration of BESS into a future cyber-physical
energy system. In this context, the following partial
contributions are made by this doctoral thesis. Firstly,
based on the principles of the smart grid architecture model
(SGAM), a co-simulation research environment is developed to
enable multi-agent simulation within cyber-physical energy
systems based on the mosaik framework. This environment
supports the development and integration of individual
stakeholder models along with the necessary information
architecture, allowing for time-dependent information flows
and close-to-reality operational processes. Within this
co-simulation research environment, algorithms for the
multi-use operation of BESS are designed and validated.
These algorithms are created to coordinate BESS operation
over time within energy management systems, addressing the
needs of various stakeholders and applications. Real-time
planning and operational harmonization of individual
applications are incorporated to ensure seamless
functionality. At the distribution grid level, different
types of BESS with different technical and operational
characteristics are considered. To address this, two case
studies with distinct requirements are deployed and assessed
within the co-simulation research environment: (i)
large-scale BESS for stacked grid and system services in
addition to arbitrage trading, and (ii) aggregated
small-scale BESS within a virtual power plant (VPP)
configuration. Lastly, the impact of the multi-use
strategies is analyzed and evaluated from the perspective of
different stakeholders. From the perspective of the BESS
operator—whether an individual customer or a virtual power
plant—the focus is on evaluating operational outcomes and
effectiveness. Additionally, the system operator's
perspective is considered to assess the impact of BESS
operations on grid reliability and utilization. Through
these analyses, this work provides a comprehensive
evaluation of BESS multi-use operation. The main findings of
this doctoral thesis are as follows. First, single-use and
multi-use operations, in various configurations, lead to
significant differences in the utilization of BESS in the
two case studies. Both the distribution of relative power
and the state-of-charge (SoC) are strongly influenced by the
operating strategy, resulting in notable variations in the
utilization and expected degradation of the BESS. In
particular, when focused on arbitrage trading, peak power
usage between $95\%$ and $100\%$ is prominent. However, when
arbitrage trading is combined with other applications, the
power utilization is smoother. The second key finding
relates to the impact of arbitrage trading on grid
utilization, particularly due to the simultaneity of price
signals. This can lead to negative effects, especially for
aggregated small-scale BESS, as the higher simultaneity of
operations within a VPP can result in more frequent and
significant grid utilization peaks. While the overall
transformer and line loading rarely exceeds technical
limits, local instances of excessive utilization can occur.
The maximum loading in multi-use operation can differ for
more than 30 percentage points. The third finding highlights
the potential of large-scale storage systems to reduce grid
utilization and assist in managing local grid congestion.
The provision of frequency containment reserve (FCR) does
not appear to significantly impact local grid segments in
the case studies, as large-scale BESS projects are usually
offered a good grid connection point. Furthermore, reserving
and providing power for FCR not only helps mitigate grid
congestion but also offers a promising opportunity to
increase revenue. While the share of revenue from arbitrage
trading decreases with the inclusion of FCR, the increase in
FCR revenue more than compensates, leading to almost double
the average daily revenues in some cases. In conclusion, the
impact of multi-use operation varies for different types of
BESS. For large-scale BESS, revenue stacking through
multiple applications offers significant revenue potential
while having a smaller impact on the grid. For small-scale
BESS, participation in a pool can provide additional revenue
streams; however, the collective impact of numerous
small-scale BESS on the local grid could be negative.},
cin = {614010},
ddc = {621.3},
cid = {$I:(DE-82)614010_20200506$},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2025-08916},
url = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1020343},
}
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