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@PHDTHESIS{Inostroza:675006,
author = {Inostroza, Pedro},
othercontributors = {Hollert, Henner and Brack, Werner},
title = {{O}rganic micropollutants in freshwater ecosystems :
pollution dynamic and adverse effects at population genetic
level in a model freshwater population},
school = {RWTH Aachen University},
type = {Dissertation},
address = {Aachen},
reportid = {RWTH-2016-09752},
pages = {1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 148 Seiten) : Illustrationen,
Diagramme},
year = {2016},
note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
University; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2016},
abstract = {The environment, and particularly freshwater ecosystems, is
permanently under anthropogenic pressure, mainly due to the
need of mankind to satisfy the ongoing demand of goods and
services in order to support our society. However,
continuous requests of ecosystem services undoubtedly evoke
environmental consequences. Chemical contaminations are
widely known for their harmful impacts on aquatic organisms
and are today discussed as being responsible for increasing
global impairments of ecological balance. In addition to
direct effects, sublethal effects on the genetic level are
increasingly suggested to provide versatile indicators for
the assessment of hazardous chemicals. Such genetic effects
of chemical stressors on aquatic organisms have so far been
poorly addressed. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to
our understanding how anthropogenic pressures, particularly
chemical and non-chemical stressors, may impair aquatic
ecosystem functioning. The novel approach presented here is
based on the analytical and thematic combination of
evolutionary ecotoxicology and body burden analysis of
organic micropollutants. The CHAPTER 1 offers an overview of
the state-of-the-art regarding the occurrence and potential
ecological effects of organic micropollutants in aquatic
environments. Furthermore, a concept regarding the likely
value of including evolutionary ecotoxicology in future
assessments is presented. In CHAPTER 2, a multi-target
screening method based on pulverised liquid extraction and a
modified QuEChERS approach with additional hexane phase was
developed and optimised. This method allows the extraction
and measurement of a wide range of organic micropollutants,
acknowledging the emerging relevance of biological
environmental tissues in environmental chemistry and
ecotoxicology. The new method developed here was
successfully applied in different freshwater ecosystems,
including the River Danube along its watercourse and the
River Holtemme in Central Germany. The method exhibited
particularly robust performance compared to other published
analytical methods. In essence, low quantification limits
and high recovery rates make this method suitable to detect
pesticides, such as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides
and wastewater-derived pollutants such as industrial
chemicals and pharmaceuticals, in tissues of biological
samples. The results obtained with this method were combined
with other environmental matrices in order to examine the
environmental dynamics of emerging organic micropollutants
in the River Holtemme. In CHAPTER 3, a multi-compartment
approach based on chemical activity, equilibrium and
predicted baseline toxicity was developed. A direct
injection, pressurised liquid extraction methods, and the
multi-target screening method developed in CHAPTER 2 were
used in order to quantify emerging organic micropollutants
in water, sediment and biota, respectively. Freely dissolved
concentrations of compounds quantified in the River Holtemme
and their corresponding chemical activities were calculated
in the water, sediment and biota (Gammarus pulex tissues)
compartments. The bioavailable fraction of pollutants and
thus the fate and distribution of emerging compounds were
assessed. According to equilibrium partitioning theory, the
chemical activity of an organic compound is equal in
sediment organic carbon, in exposed biota and in pore water,
if equilibrium is reached between these phases. Sediments
showed highest chemical activities and significant
differences were quantified between water and biota
compartments. The findings obtained suggest that the system
studied here was in disequilibrium based on the equilibrium
partitioning theory. Additionally, sediment samples
exhibited the highest potential toxicity. Hazard assessment
of the quantified contaminants showed a strong dependency on
which compartment is analysed. CHAPTER 4 demonstrates the
biological effects of long-term exposure to pollution on a
model freshwater invertebrate population. Briefly, the
adverse effects of global and emerging anthropogenic
pressures were assessed using a novel approach based on
evolutionary ecotoxicology and body burden analysis of
organic micropollutants. This approach was then successfully
applied to G. pulex populations occurring along the River
Holtemme. The results provide empirical evidence of both
direct and indirect effects due to chemical and non-chemical
stressors. The analyses revealed pollutant-induced changes
in the genetic structure as well as higher mutation rates
downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Furthermore,
hindered gene flow due to physical barriers (i.e. weirs)
separating upstream and downstream waters in the River
Holtemme was detected. Although, these findings offer new
insights into the field of ecotoxicology in general, and
allows for new interpretation of the role of wastewater
treatment plants as sources of chemical stress in the
environment.},
cin = {162420 / 160000},
ddc = {570},
cid = {$I:(DE-82)162420_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)160000_20140620$},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
urn = {urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-rwth-2016-097526},
doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2016-09752},
url = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/675006},
}
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