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@PHDTHESIS{Nieen:710895,
      author       = {Nießen, Vera},
      othercontributors = {Conradt, Reinhard and Deubener, Joachim and Roos, Christian
                          Hans-Georg},
      title        = {{K}onfektionierung von {R}ohstoffgemengen der
                      {G}lasindustrie mit dem {Z}iel einer {S}teigerung der
                      {U}msatzgeschwindigkeit},
      school       = {RWTH Aachen University},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Aachen},
      reportid     = {RWTH-2017-10531},
      pages        = {1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen},
      year         = {2017},
      note         = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
                      University 2018; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2017},
      abstract     = {The failoring of raw materials is driven by the intention
                      to increase the conversion rate of those to a glass melt. In
                      the current work the development rests on an earlier finding
                      by Niggli 1913, and on the observation that the entire
                      amount of limestone and dolomite in a batch can be liquefied
                      by a reaction with soda ash to a salt-like low-viscosity
                      melt below 950 °C. The optimized carbonate can be realized
                      in different ways, e.g., by introducing double carbonate as
                      a novel raw material from the start, or by segmented
                      batching strategies. The new raw material is manufactured by
                      melting sodium carbonate and limestone. This generated
                      double carbonate is characterized thermodynamically newly
                      and kinetically. First, with the help of data out of
                      literature, the exothermal formation of the double carbonate
                      could be verified. As another result of the thermodynamical
                      analysis, it can be shown that for the production of 1 t of
                      glass for a reference batch as well as for a batch including
                      the double carbonate the specific heat Hex is about 610 ± 3
                      kWh/t. The ± is based on the uncertainties of the
                      calculation of the enthalpy of formation for the different
                      raw materials. Particularly the H° of a natural Dolomite,
                      which is used in the reference batch not in the batch with
                      double carbonate, can deviate ± 1-2 $\%.$ Another
                      interesting question is the rate determining mechanism of
                      this accelerated batch melting, which can be identified with
                      measurement to get the reaction order of the CO2-release of
                      the double carbonate as about ~1. The formation of the
                      double carbonate is an exothermic reaction. In comparison
                      the conversion of a conventional limestone is faster than a
                      double carbonate, but the limestone decomposes to calcium
                      oxide, which constrains the following reactions. However,
                      the double carbonate reacts to a salt-like carbonate melt.
                      The conversion to a salt-like melt needs a few seconds more
                      of time, but in general the reaction with the other raw
                      materials to a glass melt is accelerated. The double
                      carbonate is characterized by using X-ray diffraction and is
                      then tested in a batch by using an up-scaling method from mg
                      to kg range. A significant acceleration is seen at scales
                      stretching from the grain-to-grain to the 10 kg range. As a
                      result it can be reported that a significant increase of the
                      conversion rate can be realized. Therefore a batch with
                      double carbonate melts about 60 K lower than a batch of
                      conventional raw materials, and within 10 $\%$ less time.},
      cin          = {520000 / 524210},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-82)520000_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)524210_20140620$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      doi          = {10.18154/RWTH-2017-10531},
      url          = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/710895},
}