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@PHDTHESIS{Abbas:839849,
author = {Abbas, Wahid},
othercontributors = {Reicherter, Klaus and Frechen, Manfred},
title = {{M}orphotectonics and paleoseismology of the western
{P}otwar {P}lateau and the {K}alabagh {F}ault
({S}ub-{H}imalayas, {P}akistan)},
school = {RWTH Aachen University},
type = {Dissertation},
address = {Aachen},
publisher = {RWTH Aachen University},
reportid = {RWTH-2022-00882},
pages = {1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen},
year = {2021},
note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
University 2022; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2021},
abstract = {The Sub-Himalayas in Pakistan are laterally categorized by
the Kalabagh and the Jhelum Faults, bounding the Kohat and
Potwar Plateaus and the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. The Hazara
Kashmir syntaxis separates structurally and morphologically
the eastern and the western Sub-Himalayas in Kashmir. The
eastern Potwar Plateau and the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis have
yielded recent seismicity (e.g., Mw=7.6,2005 and
Mw=5.6,2019). Also, the Kohat Plateau has revealed a Mw=6
(1992) earthquake. These earthquakes designate the Kohat
Plateau, the eastern Potwar Plateau and the Hazara Kashmir
syntaxis as seismically active areas. Moreover, InSAR and
GPS data from previous studies reveal uplift and aseismic
displacements in the Salt Range, western Potwar Plateau and
along the Kalabagh Fault. These anomalies suggest the area
is tectonically active, that governs the landform
development. This PhD thesis aims at studying the
paleoseismology and neotectonics in the Sub-Himalayas with
emphasis on the Kalabagh Fault, that delineates the western
Potwar Plateau. The morphometric indices are evaluated in
the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, Pir Panjal Ranges, Potwar
Plateau-Salt Range, Kohat Plateau-Surghar Range and along
the Kurram Fault. The landscape development in these areas
is influenced by the softer lithologies of the Tertiary
sediments, that are rapidly erodible and exhibit degraded
morphology even for younger drainage basins. The analysis
has established a comparative relation among the watersheds
of these areas, denoting the landforms are differentially
affected by tectonic deformations. The morphometric indices
from the landforms in the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, Pir
Panjal Ranges, Potwar Plateau-Salt Range, Kohat
Plateau-Surghar Range and the western flank of the Bannu
Basin reveal moderate to high tectonic activity index.
Deformation history and paleoearthquakes are studied along
the Kalabagh Fault using morphotectonics and paleoseismic
investigations, supported by the luminescence dating of the
deformed sediments. For older sediments, pIRIR luminescence
dating method was applied on K-feldspar. The quartz OSL
dating was employed for younger (Holocene) sediments. This
study finds the tectonic deformation and seismicity that
occurred during middle-late Pleistocene and Holocene. The
dextral Kalabagh Fault exhibits an en-echelon zone that has
formed in the overlapping area between the segments of the
fault. The stepover of the en-echelon faults, that had
initiated the landform development between the Thathi and
Zaluch sections, had a first surface expression ~ 0.5 Ma
ago. A push-up block in this en-echelon zone has formed
during the past ~ 0.5 Ma. Ongoing tectonic deformations have
started developing the landform since ~220 ka at Larkakki,
~140 ka at Ghundi and ~190 ka at Khairabad. This diachronous
deformation has initially created meandering in the north to
south flowing Indus River in the Mianwali Reentrant. Further
uplifting of the push-up block has caused a tectonic tilt,
diverting the course of the Indus River westward during past
~140 ka at a displacement rate of ~12-15 cm/a. The right
lateral displacement in the en-echelon zone of the Kalabagh
Fault exhibits morphotectonic features that include stream
deflections, offsets in Quaternary sediments, pressure
ridges in the foreland, displaced alluvial fans, uplifted
sediments at fan apex and a piggyback basin, back tilting in
the fan sediments and pebbles that are fractured and
displaced. Subsurface scanning from the ground penetrating
radar (GPR) and investigations from the trenches, outcrops
and streams reveal splays of the Kalabagh Fault has
disrupted the late Quaternary sediments during seismic
events. Luminescence ages determined from these deformed
sediments suggest diachronous Holocene seismicity along the
Kalabagh Fault. The recurrence interval of ~10 ± 2 ka on
average is calculated based on the ages of the tectonically
uplifted Pleistocene sediments and youngest earthquakes at
Khairabad, that has disrupted the Holocene sediments. The
latest earthquakes at Khairabad in early Holocene (~ 9 ka),
and during ~ 1 ka at Ghundi denote these sections of the
Kalabagh Fault as tectonically active, whereas foreland is
exerting stress that may lead to major seismicity at these
locations. Moreover, morphometric analysis and landforms in
the eastern Salt Range, Pir Panjal Ranges, Hazara Kashmir
syntaxis and the Kurram Fault exhibit results that may
support paleoseismic evidences in these parts of the study
area.},
cin = {531320 / 530000},
ddc = {550},
cid = {$I:(DE-82)531320_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)530000_20140620$},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2022-00882},
url = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/839849},
}
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