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@PHDTHESIS{Struck:954234,
author = {Struck, Franziska},
othercontributors = {Flamme, Sabine and Walther, Grit and Greiff, Kathrin},
title = {{B}ewertung der {R}essourceneffizienz von
{B}aukonstruktionen : {E}ntwicklung und {A}nwendung eines
{B}ewertungssystems},
school = {Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen},
type = {Dissertation},
address = {Aachen},
publisher = {RWTH Aachen University},
reportid = {RWTH-2023-03037},
pages = {1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme},
year = {2023},
note = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
University; Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische
Hochschule Aachen, 2023},
abstract = {The construction sector is responsible for a large
consumption of energy and raw materials,which results in
large amounts of waste and emissions. Consequently,
construction elements(walls, roofs etc.) that are
resource-efficient during their entire life cycle are
needed. Resourceefficiency is defined as the quotient of the
benefit of a construction element (e. g., its propertieslike
sound and fire protection or thermal insulation) and the
resource input required fora construction element over its
life cycle. Three resources are taken into acount: energy,
rawmaterials and the resulting impact on ecosystems.
Existing legislation has already achievedprogress in the
area of energy. However, there is a need for improvement in
the areas of rawmaterials and ecosystems, as political goals
fixed in legislation are insufficient and raw materialsare
regulated exclusively through waste legislation.The
construction sector is responsible for $63\%$ of raw
material consumption, $40\%$ of energyconsumption and $35\%$
of CO2-emissions in Germany. This high resource consumption
resultsfrom the construction and use of buildings and
infrastructure facilities over their whole life cycle.In
addition, large amounts of waste are generated at the end of
the life cycle: $55\%$ of all Germanwaste is construction
and demolition waste. Consequently, resource consumption
must be reducedand optimized over the entire life cycle.
This requires construction elements (walls, roofs,etc.) that
are resource-efficient over the entire life cycle. Resource
efficiency is defined as thequotient of the benefit of the
construction (e. g., its properties like sound and fire
protection orthermal insulation) and the resource input
required for a construction element over its entirelife
cycle. Resources in this context are energy, raw materials
and the resulting impact onecosystems. Existing legislation
has already achieved progress in the area of energy.
However,there is a need for improvement in the areas of raw
materials and ecosystems, as political goalsfixed in
legislation are insufficient and raw materials are regulated
exclusively through wastelegislation.To increase resource
efficiency, architects and civil engineers must be able to
use resource-efficientconstruction elements when planning
buildings or designing construction products. To this
end,resource efficiency must be assessable as objectively as
possible. Evaluation should, furthermore,consider the entire
life cycle and the level of construction elements. An
approach at thislevel is crucial because at this stage
planning decisions are made and system manufacturersdesign
their products. Moreover, refurbishments require the
replacement of individuel elements.The whole life cycle is
important, as effects of different life cycle phases can
influence eachother, e. g., low material requirements in
manufacturing vs. lack of recyclability at end of life.In
addition, the particular conditions of construction compared
to other products shouldbe considered: Buildings are created
through a process of interaction of different actors andmany
construction products have long lifetimes so that
developments in e. g. manufacturing orrecycling processes
are likely to occur during their life cycle.Currently, there
are three methods for assessing resource efficiency (ESSENZ,
VDI 4800and Fritz). However, these have not been developed
for the construction sector or cannot beused for the
assessment of the element level. Consequently, a new
evaluation system for theresource efficiency of construction
elements throughout their full life cycle must be
developed.This evaluation system should build on existing
approaches. Thus, already existing models wereanalyzed and
evaluation criteria were derived. In addition to the
aforementioned models assessingresource efficiency, models
rating sustainability, individual resource aspects,
individual life phases (e. g., recyclability) or other
levels of observation (e. g., building level) were
included.34 criteria were considered relevant for the
resource efficiency of construction elements.
Subsequently,indicators were selected that can be evaluated
as objectively and transparently aspossible, as they are,
for example based on norms. Such indicators were identified
for 23 criteria.The other criteria had to be excluded due to
a lack of indicators. The evaluation is based onfive-level
tables containing specific threshold values or conditions to
reach a certain score.Two construction element catalogs (for
inner walls and floors), containing over 100 elementseach
were created. All necessary indicators were calculated for
these elements and thresholdvalues were derived using a
percentile-based calculation method. Today’s construction
elementsachieve points and differences in resource
efficiency are visible, but there is also an incentive
toimprove. An Excel tool was developed to assure
user-friendlyness.Afterwards, the resource efficiency of
interior wall and floor elements were determined, using the
developed evaluation system. In six use cases, each
comparing construction element shaving the same benefit, the
resource efficiency was calculated. In this manner, the most
resource efficient construction element can be selected for
a specific application, e g., in a construction project. By
analysing the evaluation results, factors influencing
resource efficiency were identified. The most important
factors are a long service life and the reuse of the
constructions. The construction method and the requirements
for a building structure, on the other hand, have a lesser
influence. Current drywall elements and construction
elements without requirements are more resource-efficient
than solid construction elements or construction elements
with high sound and fire protection requirements. The
individual construction design is, however, crucial. For
individual applications, solid construction elements can be
more resource-efficient, and a construction that does not
meet any requirements is not always more resource-efficient
than a construction that meets high requirements. In sum,
taking resource efficiency into consideration leads to an
increase of resource efficiency, as for each application
construction elements with very different scorings could be
chosen. A transfer of the evaluation system to exterior
walls and flat roofs shows that it is applicable regardless
of the type of construction (exterior, interior, horizontal
and vertical construction elements. The evaluation system
can also be transferred to the assessment of multiple uses.
Overall, the evaluation system developed enables a
quantification of resource efficiency so that designs can be
compared and results communicated. In addition, deficits of
the designs can be identified enabeling product developers
to improve their construction element. Planners can
consciously use resource-efficient construction elements in
new buildings and renovations. Building owners can demand
resource efficiency for their project, e. g., in tenders.
The need fore source-efficient materials and disposal
methods can be made clear using the rating system and
communicated to manufacturers and disposal companies. In
this way, all agents involved in the life cycle can
influence the resource efficiency of a construction element.
The developed evaluation system shows which constructions
are particularly resource-efficient or have a need for
improvement. It can contribute to increasing the resource
efficiency of construction elements throughout their entire
life cycle.},
cin = {813510 / 512110 / 510000 / 080053},
ddc = {620},
cid = {$I:(DE-82)813510_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)512110_20140620$ /
$I:(DE-82)510000_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)080053_20181017$},
pnm = {080053 - Forschungskolleg Verbund.NRW (080053)},
pid = {G:(NRW)080053},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2023-03037},
url = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/954234},
}
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